Tamil Language History

Tamil language has the special claim of being at once classical like Sanskrit, Greek or Latin, and vigorous and modern like the modern Indian languages. Its history can be traced back to the age of Tolkappiyam the earliest extant Tamil grammar generally to 500 B.C. Among the Dravidian language it is least influenced be 'sanskrit' though there is a certain degree of influence.
The earliest extant literature of the Tamils is called Sangam literature and it is dated between 500 BC. and 200 A.D. Though a considerable part of the early poetry has been lost, some of the bards and patrons decided to preserve apart of it in certain anthologies (about 4th century A.D.). These are the Ten Idylls (Pattuppattu) and the Eight Anthologies (Ettuttohai). Four hundred and seventy three poets, of whom thirty are women, have been identified. These are mainly classified into two. Akam or esoteric dealing with love and Puram or exoteric dealing with war.
In this period, Tamil literature was considerably bound by literary conventions. The poets were keen on keeping up the tradition. The land was treated as five regions viz. mountains, forests, fields, coasts and deserts and the theme of love in five aspects viz. union, patience, sulking, wailing and separation. The poet dealing with a certain aspect of love restricted himself to a particular region, season, hour, flora and fauna. These literary conventions are explained in Tolkappiyam.
Purananuru is 400 verses on Puram themes. It serves as a window on the Tamil people 2000 years ago. Agananuru is 400 poems on love themes. The length of these poems varies from 13 to 37 lines. There are other collections like Natrinai, Kuruntogai, Ainkurunuru, Paripadal, etc., which are quite well known. Tiruvalluvar's Tirukkural is acclaimed to be the greatest Tamil classic. It expresses the most profound thoughts on the many problems of life. Each verse is a couplet composed with great economy of words. The book is divided into 133 chapters each containing 10 verses. The chapters are arranged in three books dealing with virtue, wealth and pleasure.

Indian Crow

This bird, which is commonly referred to as the Indian Crow, comes under the family Cotinga and is more appropriately named the Redruffed Fruitcrow. The technical name of the subspecie or race you see here is Pyroderus scutatus scutatus. There are five known races, all of which are indigenous to South America. The bird in the picture is native to Brazil and is found mostly along the coastline and into the interior near Rio de Janeiro.
The bird in my possession is about the size of our own domestic crow, but it is clearly distinguished from it by the red neck area. There are probably around 300 redtipped feathers on the breast of the Fruitcrow. These feathers have figured into the dressing of classic salmon flies for over 150 years! They are quite rare, owing largely to the fact that the authorities in Brazil and other northern parts of South America do not take kindly to the poaching of these birds. Please do not attempt to go to South America to bring back skins. The jails down there, they say, are not very pleasant!
The Pyroderus scutatus scutatus race is sometimes referred to as the southern race. The four northern races are: orenocensis, granadensis, occidentalis and masoni. There are slight variations between all five subspecies with the scutatus being the most sought after of all the races.
For more information and a couple color plates of these birds, I refer you to David Snow's book "The Cotingas" which was published by Cornell University Press in 1982. You can also learn quite a bit about the birds commonly known as the Blue Chatterers (Genus Cotinga) and the CockoftheRocks (Genus Rupicola).

History of the Mango

The mango originated in Southeast Asia where it has been grown for over 4,000 years. Over the years mango groves have spread to many parts of the tropical and subtropical world, where the climate allows the mango to grow best. Mango trees are evergreens that will grow to 60 feet tall. The mango tree will fruit 4 to 6 years after planting. Mango trees require hot, dry periods to set and produce a good crop. Most of the mangos sold in the United States are imported from Mexico, Haiti, the Caribbean and South America. Today there are over 1,000 different varieties of mangos throughout the world.
A comfort food. Mangos really can make you feel better! Beyond being delicious and rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, mangos contain an enzyme with stomach soothing properties similar to papain found in papayas. These comforting enzymes act as a digestive aid and can be held partially responsible for that feeling of contentment we experience during and after our daily mango ritual. Yes, it is quite natural to crave those mangos!
Mango, both in its green and ripe form is a very good tenderizing agent due to these same enzymes, therefore ideal to include in any marinade (see Mango Marinade under Sauces category in our Recipe Guide). In India they use a sour mango powder containing ground up green mangos called Amchur, both as a seasoning and tenderizing aid.
Mangos are an excellent source of Vitamins A and C, as well as a good source of Potassium and contain beta carotene. Mangos are high in fiber, but low in calories (approx. 110 per average sized mango), fat (only 1 gram) and sodium. Mangos are a good staple for your daily diet.

Gold's role in history, culture and religion

This section of JewelrySupplier.com is intended to uncover references in history to gems, gemstones, minerals, crystals, precious metals and semiprecious stones and to investigate the role they played in the development of the cultures in which they were utilized. We believe examples of royal jewelry and ancient jewelry from anthropology, sociology and archaeology from the ancient societies of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome and especially the work of PreColumbian American cultures of the North American Indians, Aztecs, Mayans, and Incans to be of craftsmanship that has not been equaled since. Where possible in our history of jewelry, we’ve tried to include methods of manufacture, materials and technology. From the bible, commerce, celestial beliefs to modern crystal collecting.
The history of gold is a long and complex one. It has been a symbol of wealth and a guarantee of power since its use first emerged. Because of its rarity, its usefulness and its beauty, gold has caused individual and national obsession and the destruction of cultures, and the emergence into power of others.
Many African cultures used gold on a large scale. In most areas, including Senegal and the Gold Coast, the people used most of the gold to create objects for the court of the local chiefs. The chiefs had workshops exclusively dedicated to the production of their treasures, which were extensive and elaborate and had ceremonial applications. However, the peoples of the Ethiopian, Sudanese and Bantu regions did export some gold.
Though examples of Gold in use before the 17th century are rare in India, Archaeologists have found pieces of Gold jewelry in the Indus Culture as well as Buddhist Afghanistan that date from near the time of the birth of Christ. India’s gold and jewelry use reached its summit during the Mughal Empire’s reign between the 1500s to the mid 1700s. The fashion of this time many included rich jewels and gold, each with its own religious significance and purpose. In China, Gold use began around 1100 BC as inlay in bronze items and jewelry and continued through the many royal dynasties. When the Chinese settled in Korea at around 210 BC, they brought their knowledge of gold working with them. Indian, Chinese and Korean use of Gold influenced the cultures of Southeast Asia but Gold never became important in Japanese culture.

Fish American Eel

Fishes come in an amazing variety of shapes and colors, but they all have three important things in common: All fishes live in water, have fins, and use gills to get oxygen from the water. We have also included a few sea creatures some jellyfish and octopods in this category.
If you see a fish that looks like a snake underwater, you've probably spotted an eel. Most of the 15 different families of eels in the world live in salt water. The American Eel lives in fresh water but swims out to the open ocean to spawn. No one has actually seen an adult eel spawning, but scientists think these eels lay their eggs near Bermuda in the Sargasso Sea. As they mature into elvers (young eels), they come closer to the coast.
The males remain in shallow estuaries, while the females migrate into fresh water. After many years, the adults return to the sea to spawn. An eel with large pectoral fins. Dorsal and anal fins connected to a welldeveloped tail. Lower jaw longer than upper. Tiny, separate scales form basketweave pattern.
The length of the Females American eel is 4'and the males eel is smaller then the female. Atlantic drainages, shallow coastal waters, freshwater streams. Spawns in open ocean. Along Atlantic coast and into associated rivers from Labrador to Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and southward.

Jumping Rope May Be an Ideal Brain Exercise

Physical activity is good not only for the heart, but also for the brain, feeding it glucose and oxygen, all of which makes it easier for children of all ages to learn. Numerous studies show that children who exercise do better in school.” Education is in the age of standardsbased assessment. Students experience learning and make connections based on curriculum that is designed with specific academic objectives in mind.
Some of the most beneficial lifelong learning comes from reallife experiences that cannot be measured by paper and pencil tests alone. Problem solving, communication, goal setting, creativity, perseverance, risk taking and altruism are skills that help create productive, wellrounded citizens. The American Heart Association’s Jump Rope For Heart program can help students achieve many of the academic standards by encouraging them to engage in experiential learning strategies that anchor learning 90 percent better. Students also learn about important health and fitness practices that can lead to healthy, active, lifelong behavior changes.
Jumping rope is an excellent exercise for cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance and coordination. Now researchers are learning that physical activity like jumping rope also prepares the brain for optimal learning. Current brain research supports the need for movement in the learning process. Here are just a few ways that jumping rope may help prepare the brain for learning.
Raising heart rate gets more blood to the brain, feeding it needed nutrients and oxygen for heightened alertness and mental focus. Aerobic exercise grows new brain cells in rodents, and promising research suggests that may also apply to humans. In short, jumping rope is an exercise that allows both brain hemispheres to perform parallel. The vestibular system that creates spatial awareness and mental alertness is strengthened through activities such as jumping rope. Balance and jumping activities provide the student with a framework for reading and other academic skills.

Lion the King

The lion (Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four big cats in the genus Panthera. With exceptionally large males exceeding 250 kg (550 lb) in weight, it is the secondlargest living cat after the tiger. Wild lions currently exist in subSaharan Africa and in Asia with a critically endangered remnant population in northwest India, having disappeared from North Africa, the Middle East, and western Asia in historic times. Until the late Pleistocene (about 10,000 years ago), the lion was the most widespread large land mammal beside humans. They were found in most of Africa, much of Eurasia from western Europe to India, and the Bering land bridge and, in the Americas, from the Yukon to Peru.
Lions live for approximately 10–14 years in the wild, while in captivity they can live over 20 years. They typically inhabit savanna and grassland, although they may take to bush and forest. Lions are unusually social compared to other cats. A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males. Groups of female lions typically hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates. The lion is an apex and keystone predator, although they will resort to scavenging if the opportunity arises. While lions, in general, do not selectively hunt humans, some have been known to become maneaters and seek human prey.
The lion is a vulnerable species, having seen a possibly irreversible population decline of 30 to 50% over the past two decades in its African range; populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks. Although the cause of the decline is not wellunderstood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are currently the greatest causes of concern. Lions have been kept in menageries since Roman times and have been a key species sought after and exhibited in zoos the world over since the late eighteenth century. Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies.
Visually, the male is highly distinctive and is easily recognized by its mane. The head of the male lion is one of the most widely recognized animal symbols in human culture. It has been depicted extensively in literature, in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. The lion is the second largest feline after the tiger. With powerful legs, a strong jaw, and long canine teeth, the lion can bring down and kill large prey.[33] Lion coloration varies from light buff to yellowish, reddish or dark ochraceous brown. The underparts are generally lighter and the tail tuft is black. The color of the mane varies from blond to black.

WASHING MACHINE

The earliest manual washing machines imitated the motion of the human hand on the washboard, by using a lever to move one curved surface over another and rubbing clothes between two ribbed surfaces. This type of washer was first patented in the United States in 1846 and survived as late as 1927 in the Montgomery Ward catalogue. The first electric clothes washers, in which a motor rotated the tub, were introduced into America about 1900.
The motor was not protected beneath the machine and water often dripped into it causing shortcircuits and jolting shocks. By 1911, it was possible to buy oscillating, cylinder, domestic washing machines with sheet metal tubs mounted on angleiron frames with perforated metal or wooden slat cylinders inside. From a technological perspective, washing machine manufacturers faced a number of challenges. These included discovering a method of transferring power from the motor to the mechanism, finding a suitable motor with sufficient initial starting torque, and ensuring that the operator did not get an electrical shock during operation.
In the transference of power, some washing machines were chain driven, some belt driven and others used shafts and gears. To overcome the initial resistance in starting a washing machine, a fractional horsepower motor which would not burn out or overheat during the startup period was used. This was usually a 1/8 or ¼ horsepower motor, manufactured outofhouse by Westinghouse or Robbins and Myers. To prevent electric shocks, the stator and rotor of the machine were enclosed in a housing equipped with a fan to prevent overheating.
By the early 1950s, many American manufacturers were supplying machines with a spindry feature to replace the wringer which removed buttons, and caused accidents involving hair and hands. In 1957, GE introduced a washing machine equipped with 5 push buttons to control wash temperature, rinse temperature, agitation speed and spin speed.

Dramas in Tamil History

The stages were used for different types of dances specific for the regions, e.g., Aychiyar Kuravai Kuravaik kUtthu, KoRRavaik The dances were, in essence an enactment of mythological legends. They were also used for conveying thanks to the deities for good rains and crops or paying homage to the valour or patronage of Kings and chieftains. iLango atikaL had portrayed various kinds of dances performed in the different regions in several chapters
The dancers for whom dancing was a hereditary avocation were called ViRaliar and KUtthar. The singers who accompanied them were called PANar Even at this early point in history, there was a distinction between the high form of dancing performed before the elites and those meant for the recreation of the rural folks.
When the Bhakthi movement was at its peak, stories pertaining to the godheads were played on the stage. Up to the medieval period, the Thamizh stage was used mainly as a forum for dances. This tradition continued till the 18th or 19th century when dance dramas; rAma n^Atakam were performed on the stage.
Other kinds of dance dramas included the PaLLu n^Atakam which is the dance drama performed by those in the agricultural sector describing themes specific to agrarian conditions e.g., MukkUdal paLLu by ennayinAp pulavar, n^ondip paLLu by MArimutthup pulavar is a humorous political satire. With the arrival of the Europeans into the subcontinent, the definition of 'stage' began to assume a different meaning. By this time, Shakespearean plays became popular throughout the English speaking world.

Duties of Doctors

To maintain the highest standards of professional conduct. To practice uninfluenced by motives of profit. To use caution while divulging discoveries or new techniques of treatment. To certify or testify only those matters with which the doctor has personal experience. To ensure that any act oradvice that could weaken physical or mental resistance of an individual must be used only in the interest of that individual.
Always remember the supreme obligation of preserving life. The patient should owe complete loyalty and faith to you and to the resources of medical sciences. Whenever a treatment or examination is beyond the capacity of the doctor, the advice of another doctor should be sought. A doctor must always preserve absolute secrecy concerning all he knows about a patient because of the confidence reposed in him.
Emergency care is a humanitarian duty which must be given unless it is clear that there are others better able to give it. A doctor must behave to his colleagues as he would have them behave toward him. A doctor must not entice patients from his colleagues. In the conflict between the ethical guidelines and law, Parliament should make a clear doctors’ public duty of confidentiality.
However, in the present situation, doctors should be guided by three major principles. First, disclosure must be limited either to the authority nominated by statute or with a need to know. Secondly, in respect of autonomy, doctors should attempt to persuade the patients to report the matter themselves. Finally, disclosure must be justifiable on the ethical guidelines of a condition being of sufficient seriousness before taking action.

Electric Chair

The electric chair is perhaps something that we take for granted for nowadays as the quickest and most humane way of executing a human being. In the early days, however, the proponents of the use of electricity as a means of death had to prove that it was indeed the most proficient manner of execution. Chair inventor Harold Brown had applied for the chair's patent and, thus, set out on an campaign to prove its efficiency. Using a prototype, Brown demonstrated the chair's capabilities on more than fifty cats and dogs. The New York commission (which was the first state to consider the new invention) needed more convincing. Brown replied by killing a cow before a panel of advisors. He emphasized his chair's ability by killing a horse. The panel was impressed. On June 4, 1888, electrocution became a legal means of capital punishment.
The state knew that they would need public support behind the method. In order to win over the public they sent Brown on tour with his chair. Brown traveled the state executing animals in all of the major population centers. Animals were recruited for the show as he went along. In Albany, Brown executed an orangutan. Its hair caught on fire. August 6, 1890 saw the first ever electric execution of a human being.
The history maker was William Kemmler of Buffalo, New York. Kemmler was guilty of butchering his mistress with a hatchet. A group of doctors and reporters gathered for the historic occasion. Kemmler was jolted for seventeen seconds. It failed to kill him. Kemmler was unconscious but still breathing. The embarrassed prison officials electrocuted him again for seventy seconds. Kemmler thrashed and convulsed as the electrodes seared his head and arms, filling the room with the smell of burning flesh. Some witness fainted, while others fled the room. The killing took eight minutes.
While many critics rallied for the return of the gallows, New York remained faithful to the chair, executing two more criminals without incident. The most botched electric execution, however, was the fourth. William Taylor was slated for execution on July 27, 1893. The first jolt of electricity caused his legs to stiffen with a force so great that they tore loose from the chair's ankle straps. Like Kemmler, Taylor was still alive. When the executioners attempted to send a second charge through Taylor's body it was discovered that the generator in the powerhouse had blown. Taylor was removed from the chair and placed on a cot. Officials kept him alive with chloroform and morphine so that he could be officially killed by an active current. An hour and nine minutes later Taylor was returned to the chair and given a more than adequate charge.

Jewellery in India

Jewelery has been part of the Indian civilization since ancient history. They were in fashion since ancient civilizations as Harappa and Mohanjodaro. Made out of almost any material, jewelry is basically adorned to highlight nearly any body part. Be it the traditional jewelry or the latest ones which are increasingly in demand, i.e. the costume & imitation jewelery. There is no dearth when it comes to accentuating the beauty with varied imaginative & stunningly designed jewelry items.
When it comes to defining the materials used for shaping jewelry items, then anything under the roof of the sky can be transformed into breathtaking ornamental items. Such as, metals such as gold & silver, copper, ivory, woods, precious gemstones as diamonds & pearls, beads, shells, leather, plastic, glass, bone & others. They help define varied intricately designed shapes adding on to the beauty of these adorning items.
Jewelry are perfect for any occasion, be it a formal or ceremonial occasion or casual ones. They do not need any particularly specified occasion for exhibiting the beauty. Wide array of jewelry items which can beautify the varied body parts are :Bangles, Anklets, Nose pins, Hair pins, Necklaces, Rings, Earrings, Armlets, Bracelets, Toe Rings
With growing demand of Art jewelry, very much in vogue, artisans are coming up with innovative ideas & designs to give an ethereal look to a persona easily available & quite cost effective. Nowadays, new variations are hitting the showrooms such as wire sculpture (wrap) jewelry which are being created using anything from base metal wire with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones.

Airplane

The term airplane generally denotes the landplane, or landbased airplane, but it applies also to several other categories of aircraft, including the carrierbased plane, the seaplane, and the amphibian. The principal variation in structure can be found in the landing apparatus. The carrierbased plane, a type of landplane designed for use on an aircraft carrier, is fitted with a tail hook that engages a cable stretched across the deck to arrest the plane after landing. The seaplane employs pontoons instead of the wheel gear of the landplane. In the variety of seaplane known as the flying boat, the fuselage is constructed as a hull, similar to that of a seagoing vessel, and serves to keep the plane buoyant. The amphibian is equipped with both wheel gear and hull or pontoons to permit operation with equal effectiveness on land and water.
Before World War II, flying boats were used for military transports and for intercontinental commercial service. These planes were limited to low flying speeds and to low landing speeds in water. With the advent of planes that fly and land much faster, large planes have been limited to landbased operation. The amphibian, even slower because of its double undercarriage, is less commonly employed than the landplane. For light sportplanes, amphibious floats are available. Generally resembling conventional pontoons, they have a recessed wheel located at the center of balance of the seaplane; the wheelwell is waterproof. The wheel tire does not extend far enough to add much drag to the float in the water, but it protrudes far enough to enable wheeled landings to be made on hardsurfaced runways or shortcut grass.
More successful types of heavierthanair craft include the VTOL craft, the STOL craft, and the convertiplane. The VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) craft is an airplane that can rise up vertically, fly horizontally, and then reverse the procedure for a landing. The term VTOL is limited to describing aircraft with performances similar to those of conventional airplanes but with additional vertical takeoff and landing ability. Several means are used to lift VTOL aircraft off the ground. The direct downward thrust of jet engines is used in several designs. Enormous power is needed to lift a craft in this manner, much more than is required to propel it horizontally. Rotating wings and ducted fans are also used for direct lift, but they tend to introduce drag into the horizontal flight. Convertiplanes, combining the rotating wings of helicopters with the fixed wings of airplanes, have been used for shortdistance commercial VTOL operation. They compete directly with helicopters, however.
The STOL (short takeoff and landing) craft is an airplane that takes off and lands very steeply, thus requiring little runway. For a given payload, it is much more efficient in terms of fuel consumption and power requirements than a VTOL craft. It is also capable of higher speeds and longerrange flights than a helicopter. For lighterthanair craft, see AIRSHIP,; BALLOON.

Painting

Painting taken literally is the practice of applying colour to a surface (support) such as paper, canvas, wood glass or other. However, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with drawing, composition and other aesthetic considerations in order to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.Painting is used as a mode of representing, documenting and expressing all the varied intents and subjects that are as numerous as there are practitioners of the craft.
Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or be political in nature. A large portion of the history of painting is dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to biblical scenes rendered on the interior walls and ceiling of The Sistine Chapel to depictions of the human body itself as a spiritual subject. Colour and tone are the essence of painting as sound and pitch are of music.
Colour is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but elsewhere white may be. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, Newton, have written their own colour theory. Moreover the use of language is only a generalisation for a colour equivalent. The word "red", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a formalised register of different colours in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as C in music, although the Pantone system is widely used in the commercial printing and graphic design industry for this purpose.
Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. In 1829, the first photograph was produced. From the mid to late 19th century, photographic processes improved and, as it became more widespread, painting lost much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world.

Kitchen Tips

When cutting apples into slices or chunks, sprinkle them with lemon juice or lemonlime soda to keep them from turning brown. They can also be soaked in apple juice to keep them from turning brown. Apples can be peeled before or after they are sliced but it is easier to peel them before slicing.
To ripen bananas quickly, place an apple with the bananas in a brown paper bag for approximately two days. Ripe bananas can be saved for baking purposes by mashing, placing them in a plastic bag, and freezing until you are ready to use them. You can also place the whole banana in a bag and freeze it in its skin.
When selecting, choose carrots that are firm and not oversized. They should be bright orange to deep orange in color. Avoid any that have soft spots or other blemishes. When storing carrots, remove the tops because they will draw water from the carrots and cause them to wilt. If carrots wilt, cut one end off and stand them up in a glass of cold water to crisp them up again. Peeled carrots are sweeter because they have the slightly bitter tasting skins removed.
When selecting, choose cauliflower heads that are firm and compact. They should have green leaves surrounding the head. Avoid heads that seem loose or have yellowing leaves. Also avoid cauliflower heads that have florets that are starting to brown or have other blemishes. Once the florets are cut off the cauliflower, the stems can be chopped into pieces and then added to a fresh salad to provide a crunchy texture.
When selecting, choose garlic that is plump and firm with paperlike skins that are tight and intact. Avoid any that are soft or that have begun to shrivel. Place garlic cloves in the microwave for 15 seconds and the skins should peel off easily. Keep peeled and mince garlic fresh by placing it in a small jar and pouring just enough olive oil over it to cover the garlic and then place it in the refrigerator. It will keep its fresh flavor for about a week.
Don't throw out sprouting garlic. Instead, plant the cloves fairly close together in a pot or in the garden (if your climate is suitable at the time). The new shoots that appear will have a mild garlic flavor and can be used in the same manner as regular chives.

Typewriter

A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that, when pressed, cause characters to be printed on a medium, usually paper. For much of the 20th century, typewriters were indispensable tools in business offices and for many professional writers. By the end of the 1980s, word processor applications on personal computer had largely replaced the tasks previously accomplished with typewriters.
Typewriters, however, remain popular in the developing world and among some niche markets. Manufacturers of typewriters have included E. Remington and Sons, IBM, Imperial typewriters, Oliver Typewriter Company, Olivetti, Royal Typewriter Company, Smith Corona, Underwood Typewriter Company.
In 1714, Henry Mill obtained a patent in Britain for a machine that, from the patent, appears to have been similar to a typewriter, but nothing further is known. Other early developers of typewriting machines include Pellegrino Turri, who also invented carbon paper. Many of these early machines, including Turri's, were developed to enable the blind to write.
In 1829, William Austin Burt patented a machine called the " Typographer." Like many other early machines, it is sometimes listed as the "first typewriter"; the Science Museum (London) describes it merely as "the first writing mechanism whose invention was documented," but even that claim may be excessive, since Turri's machine is well known. Even in the hands of its inventor, it was slower than handwriting. Burt and his promoter John D. Sheldon never found a buyer for the patent, and it was never commercially produced. Because it used a dial to select each character rather than keys, it was called an "index typewriter" rather than a "keyboard typewriter," if it is to be considered a typewriter at all.

Plastics

The United States plastics industry is a multibillion dollar business, and it is still growing at a rate faster than most other industries in this country. Plastics have been used in every major market in the United States, including construction, packaging, automobiles and boats, electrical/electronics, pipe and fittings, and consumer goods, to mention just a few.
Plastics are basic materials, on par with metals, glass, wood, and paper, and they are essential to the needs of virtually the entire spectrum of American business. As lifestyles change, plastics will become ever more valuable to tommorrow's advanced new concepts in architecture, aerospace, communications, transportation even to medicine and the arts.
Plastic materials trace their origin in this country back to 1868, when a young printer named John Wesley Hyatt came up with Celluloid, the first American plastic. He mixed pyroxylin, made from cotton (one of nature's polymerics), and nitric acid, with camphor to create an entirely different and new product. Celluloid quickly moved into many markets, including the first photographic film used by George Eastman to produce the first motion picture film in 1882. The material is still in use today under its chemical name, cellulose nitrate.
In 1909, Dr. Lee Hendrik Baekeland introduced phenoformaldehyde plastics (or "phenolics", as they are more popularly known), the first plastic to achieve worldwide acceptance. More importantly, Baekeland also evolved techniques for controlling and modifying the phenolformaldehyde reaction so that products could be formed under heat and pressure from the material. This characteristic of liquefying the material so that it can be formed into various shapes under heat and pressure is still common to most plastics.

Apple

Although the origins of apples seems to be an ongoing debate; historians generally will start a talk about apple history with the ancient Egyptians or other civilizations around the Caspian Sea and also in China. However we do know that the ancient Egyptians kept excellent records about almost everything including their apple crops.
In the 13th century BCE, the famous Ramses II decreed that apples of various varities were to be cultivated in the Nile Delta. Evidence also shows that the ancient Greeks , as far back as the 7th century BCE were growing and harvesting apples. In ancient Rome the great Roman statesmen Pliny the Elder, recognized 37 different types of apples in his ancient scroll the Historia naturalis. (vegparadise)
Most Americans can identify apples as strictly American; however it wasn't until westward expansion that the apple played a part in American history with the famous Johnny Apple seed. Johnny apple seed was indeed a real person, going by the name of John Chapman. John was born in Leominster, Massachusetts on September 26,1774. His story starts around the turn of the 19th century when he started to purchase apple seeds from a Pennsylvania cider mill .
After purchasing seeds Johnny started to the Midwest where he started nurseries. In the growing frontier newly established homesteads were required under law to plant 50 apple trees in their first year. Apples quickly became a staple in settlers diets. To help these settlers Johnny would sell seeds and help pioneers in growing their own trees. Johnny apple seed settled to the Ohio and Indiana region where he owned a lot of land. The misconception is that he walked with a satchel and planted seeds across the U.S. he did do a lot of traveling and helped settlers, however he spent most of his time on his own tracts of land. He primarily spread apples by selling and giving settlers trees.

History of the Greek coins

Ever wonder why our coins today look the way they do? How the basis for the decoration of coins developed? Today, most bills and coins alike share the common pattern of depicting the profile or bust of a ruler on the obverse, while the reverse bears the image of an important civic symbol be it a building or an animal. This tradition began with the ancient Greeks.
From about the eighth century B.C. and even after the Greeks were absorbed into the kingdoms of Alexander the Great and his successors, the Greek world was characterized by the polis, the citystate, of which there were several hundred. Each polis consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside, and each had its own form of government, its own patron deities and heroes and sanctuaries dedicated to them, and its own distinctive economy.
The poleis were fiercely independent, even when they were ruled by tyrants or dominated by Hellenistic kings, and their coins are eloquent testimony to their autonomy. Almost from their earliest appearance Greek coins used a combination of figures, symbols, and inscriptions to emphasize the independence and individuality of the poleis, depicting their patron deities and heroes, products, and even visual puns on the cities' names.
The historical portraits on early Greek coins are a significant contribution to the history of art. Within them they reflect the highest ideals of the traditional art of the day, as well as provide exact replicas of images of many sacred and important buildings and temples, making their historical importance incalculable. From their very beginnings, coins were not merely chunks of metal to be used in commerce, but important tools for the expression of art and the communication of religious devotion and civic pride.

Violin

The violin is a stringed musical instrument comprising four strings tuned a fifth apart. It is the smallest and highesttuned member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola, cello and double bass. The lowest string (and hence the lowest note) is the G just below middle C, then in ascending order D, A and E.
The violin is a carefully made hollow wooden box, with a neck protruding from the top, and a internal sound post connecting the front (belly) and the back. The sides of the violin, curiously, are called ribs. The belly is reinforced by an internal bass bar, which runs vertically through the instrument underneath the lowest string.
The four violin strings run from a tailpiece attached to the base of the violin, across an intricately carved wooden bridge, then upward just above the fingerboard. At the top end of the fingerboard, the strings cross the nut, a very small second bridge, mounted just slightly above the fingerboard. They then enter the pegbox, where they are wound around their tuning pegs, which are mounted sideways through tightly fitting holes in the pegbox. The tip of the pegbox is ornamented with a carved wooden scroll.
The bridge of a violin has two purposes. First, it holds the strings in an arched configuration, permitting each to be touched separately by the bow. The bridge also transmits the sound vibrations of the strings to the belly, from which they are transmitted to the back by the sound post.

Thirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam

There is ample literary and epigraphic testimony to the antiquity of the temple of Lord Sri Venkateswara. All the great dynasties of rulers of the southern peninsula have paid homage to Lord Sri Venkateswara in this ancient shrine. The Pallavas of Kancheepuram (9th century AD), the Cholas of Thanjavur (a century later), the Pandyas of Madurai, and the kings and chieftains of Vijayanagar (14th 15th century AD) were devotees of the Lord and they competed with one another in endowing the temple with rich offerings and contributions.
It was during the rule of the Vijayanagar dynasty that the contributions to the temple increased. Sri Krishnadevaraya had statues of himself and his consorts installed at the portals of the temple, and these statues can be seen to this day. There is also a statue of Venkatapati Raya in the main temple. After the decline of the Vijayanagar dynasty, nobles and chieftains from all parts of the country continued to pay their homage and offer gifts to the temple. The Maratha general, Raghoji Bhonsle, visited the temple and set up a permanent endowment for the conduct of worship in the temple. He also presented valuable jewels to the Lord, including a large emerald which is still preserved in a box named after the General. Among the later rulers who have endowed large amounts are the rulers of Mysore and Gadwal.
After the fall of the Hindu kingdoms, the Muslim rulers of Karnataka and then the Britishers took over, and many of the temples came under their supervisory and protective control. In 1843 AD, the East India Company divested itself of the direct management of nonChristian places of worship and native religious institutions. The administration of the shrine of Sri Venkateswara and a number of estates were then entrusted to Sri Seva Dossji of the Hatiramji Mutt at Tirumala, and the temple remained under the administration of the Mahants for nearly a century, till 1933 AD.
In 1933, the Madras Legislature passed a special act, which empowered the Thirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam (TTD) Committee to control and administer a fixed group of temples in the TirumalaTirupati area, through a Commissioner appointed by the Government of Madras. In 1951, the Act of 1933 was replaced by an enactment whereby the administration of TTD was entrusted to a Board of Trustees, and an Executive Officer was appointed by the Government .

Cotton

The first people to grow cotton for clothing and towels and sheets were the Harappan people in India, about 2500 BC. Cotton is mentioned in the Rig Veda, written about 600 BC in India. A little bit of cotton was also grown in Egypt, but it never became very important there. In the 400’s BC, a Greek historian, Herodotus, wrote that in India there were "trees growing wild, which produce a kind of wool better than Sheep’s wool in beauty and quality, which the Indians use for making their clothes".
Around this time, the Ajanta Cave carvings show that cotton growers in India had invented a roller machine to get the seeds out of the cotton. By the Guptan period, about 200 AD, the Indians made a good business of selling cotton as a luxury to the Parthians to their west and to the Chinese to their east. The Romans, further away, thought of cotton as an expensive luxury like silk. They had to buy it from Arabic or Parthian traders.
Soon afterwards in the 500's AD, the Sassanians were certainly growing cotton, at least at the city of Merv in their eastern possessions. The English word for cotton comes from the Arabic “qutun.” The establishment of the Islamic Empire in the late 600's AD gave a big push to cotton production, which spread westward across the Islamic Empire to North Africa and Spain (which also uses the Arabic word for cotton, "algodon").
And the Eastern Roman Empire also started growing cotton, by the 700's or so. In West Asia and northern Africa, poor people began wearing cotton clothing. But in Europe, cotton was still a very unusual luxury, imported from the Islamic empire. After about 1000 Italian traders brought a little more cotton to Europe, but still as a finished luxury product, not growing it in Europe.

Ayurvedic medicinal plants

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian therapeutic measure is renowned as one of the major systems of alternative and complimentary medicine. As other herbal systems, greater parts of its medicaments are based on indigenous herbals. And the thorough and fractionate knowledge about the medicinal plant is mandatory for all who is working in the field of ayurveda, in order to identify and select the appropriate plant for a specific disease.
In the recent years, the interest in medicinal plants has increased in a great deal. Apart form this; people from the west have also taken this matter seriously by conducting various researches on plant based medicines. But for reference, presently a complete website regarding the ayurvedic medicinal plants is nowhere available in the net. It’s a humble attempt to fulfill this gap.
This work is mainly concerned with the morphology and the therapeutic properties of Indian medicinal herbs. The findings obtained by the research workers who have been engaged with medicinal plants are also incorporated here. We are presenting almost complete variety of indigenous ayurvedic medicinal plants especially that is grown naturally in Kerala, the southern most state of India, renowned as the Holy Land of Ayurveda.
You can come across realistic, high resolution digital pictures of ayurvedic medicinal plants, morphology, their therapeutic properties, the ayurvedic principle behind the selection of a plant as a medicine etc. with no access restrictions. Apart form this; the basic property of this site is regular renewal of its contents, to keep this site uptodate and make it always fresh for a reviewer. This humble attempt is undertaken by a charity trust for the conservation of ayurvedic medicinal plants.

History of Paper

Since the invention of writing, people had been trying to come up with something easier to write on than papyrus or parchment, and also something easier and cheaper to make. But it took 3000 years to come up with paper! Paper seems to have been invented around 100 BC in China. In 105 AD, under the Han Dynasty emperor HoTi, a government official in China named Ts'ai Lun was the first to start a papermaking industry.
Ts'ai Lun seems to have made his paper by mixing finely chopped mulberry bark and hemp rags with water, mashing it flat, and then pressing out the water and letting it dry in the sun. He may have based his idea on bark cloth, which was very common in China and also made from mulberry bark. Ts'ai Lun's paper was a big success, and began to be used all over China.
Even after people in China began to use paper, it took another thousand years before people were using paper all over Eurasia. By the 400's AD, people in India were also making paper.After a little more than 500 years, people in the Abbasid Caliphate began to use paper. There was a big battle in 751 AD in Samarkand, where the Chinese and the Arabs were fighting for control. The Arabs captured some Chinese men. Some of these Chinese men knew how to make paper, and they explained it to the Arabs as the price of their freedom.
People all over the Islamic world soon began using paper, from India to Spain. But Christian people in Europe were still using parchment.Starting in the 1200's, though, the Christians conquered Islamic Spain, and as they took over Spain they also learned how to make paper. By 1250 AD, the Italians had learned to make good paper and sold it all over Europe. In 1338, French monks began to make their own paper. By 1411 nearly a millennium and a half after it was invented people in Germany began to produce their own rag paper. Once they had learned to make paper, they became more interested in also learning about Chinese printing, and a man called Gutenberg produced the first printed Bible in 1453.

The Solar System

Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous Comets, Asteroids, and meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the form of heat and light) in the solar system.
The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way. The Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud.
The nearest large galaxy is the Andromeda Galaxy. It is a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions of galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space. The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north pole, the planets orbit in a counterclockwise direction. The planets orbit the Sun in or near the same plane, called the elliptic. Pluto is a special case in that its orbit is the most highly inclined (18 degrees) and the most highly elliptical of all the planets. Because of this, for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than is Neptune. The axis of rotation for most of the planets is nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their sides.
The Sun contains 99.85% of all the matter in the Solar System. The planets, which condensed out of the same disk of material that formed the Sun, contain only 0.135% of the mass of the solar system. Jupiter contains more than twice the matter of all the other planets combined. Satellites of the planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and the interplanetary medium constitute the remaining 0.015%. The following table is a list of the mass distribution within our Solar System.

Rice

Rice is a kind of grain, or grass, like wheat, millet, or barley, which provides carbohydrate to people who eat its seeds. It grows wild in southeast Asia. People probably first began to farm rice in Thailand, about 4000 BC. From there, people learned how to grow rice in southern China (north of Thailand) and in India (west of Thailand).
Certainly people were growing rice in India in the Harappan period (about 2500 BC) and in China in the late Stone Age (about 3000 BC). Rice may have been brought to West Asia and Greece about 300 BC by the armies of Alexander the Great. By the time of the Roan Empire, people were growing some rice around the Mediterranean Sea, in southern Europe and North Africa including Egypt (but not as much as in China or India).
By 800 AD, thanks to trade with India and Indonesia, people in East Africa were also growing rice. It was probably Chinese farmers who first invented the rice paddy. This is a system of growing rice in artificial (manmade) ponds, which saves water and also helps to kill weeds.
People usually cook rice by boiling or steaming it to make it soft. You can eat it plain, or with a sauce of vegetables or meat or fish, or sweetened and baked into rice pudding. Or you can crush rice into a powder and use it to make rice noodles. Rice is a good source of carbohydrates (energy).

The History of Hunstrete House

Hunstrete House was part of a former great estate, some 3,000 acres in extent. This ideal location with its ready supplies of wood and water and its sheltered location had been occupied from the earliest times. Stoneage artefacts have been recovered from a nearby wood and there are the remnants of an Iron Age fort on nearby Stantonbury Hill. Roman remains have been found throughout the area, including a villa and coffins at Burnett as well as coins in the grounds of the hotel.
In Saxon times, there was a deer park here and it’s most likely there were associated buildings but no trace has been found of these. In AD 936, Hunstrete was given to Glastonbury Abbey which held it for the next 600 years. The monks didn’t live here but managed the estate, principally for its timber, leasing the land and manor house to tenants. Fish were also farmed in a chain of six ponds that were situated to the north of the present lake. The first documented building is referred to in a survey for the abbey in 1258. It was located in the vicinity of Hunstrete Lake about 200 metres to the north of the present house. A later survey of 1517 alludes to a beautiful manor in a sylvan setting rebuilt in the time of Abbot Chinnock (1375 1420).
The abbey lost control of Hunstrete at the time of the Reformation and it passed through the hands of various owners until the beginning of the 17th century when it was acquired by Sir John Popham who was Lord Chief Justice to Queen Elizabeth I. He was extending his holdings in the north of Somerset. As Lord Chief Justice, he presided at the trials of Mary Queen of Scots, Sir Walter Raleigh and Guy Fawkes.
In the Elizabethan era, the Popham family were the main promoters of colonisation of America, founding the Popham Colony thirteen years before the voyage of the Mayflower. The Pophams held Hunstrete for the next 350 years although it was only their country seat, with their principal residence being at Littlecote in Wiltshire. In the English Civil War Alexander Popham, a general in the Parliamentary army, billeted his troops at Hunstrete prior to joining a large gathering near Chewton Mendip on 6th August 1642. Several musket balls from this period have been unearthed in the hotel grounds.

The Water Cycle: Water Storage in the Atmosphere

The water cycle is all about storing water and moving water on, in, and above the Earth. Although the atmosphere may not be a great storehouse of water, it is the superhighway used to move water around the globe. Evaporation and transpiration change liquid water into vapor, which ascends into the atmosphere due to rising air currents. Cooler temperatures aloft allow the vapor to condense into clouds and strong winds move the clouds around the world until the water falls as precipitation to replenish the earthbound parts of the water cycle.
About 90 percent of water in the atmosphere is produced by evaporation from water bodies, while the other 10 percent comes from transpiration from plants. There is always water in the atmosphere. Clouds are, of course, the most visible manifestation of atmospheric water, but even clear air contains water—water in particles that are too small to be seen. One estimate of the volume of water in the atmosphere at any one time is about 3,100 cubic miles (mi3) or 12,900 cubic kilometers (km3).
That may sound like a lot, but it is only about 0.001 percent of the total Earth's water volume of about 332,500,000 mi3 (1,385,000,000 km3), as shown in the table below. If all of the water in the atmosphere rained down at once, it would only cover the ground to a depth of 2.5 centimeters, about 1 inch. If you know what air pressure and a barometer are, then you know that air does have weight. At sea level, the weight (pressure) of air is about 14 ½ pounds per square inch (1 kilogram per square centimeter).
Since air has weight it must also have density, which is the weight for a chosen volume, such as a cubic inch or cubic meter. If clouds are made up of particles, then they must have weight and density. The key to why clouds float is that the density of the same volume of cloud material is less than the density of the same amount of dry air. Just as oil floats on water because it is less dense, clouds float on air because the moist air in clouds is less dense than dry air.

Beauty Tips

Mix sixteaspoon petroleum jelly, twoteaspoon glycerin and twoteaspoon lemon juice. Apply this moisturizing lotion at least twice a week if you have dry and flaky, arms and legs. Peel and grate a cucumber. Squeeze the juice to this, mix halfateaspoon glycerin and halfateaspoon rose water. Apply this on sunburns, leave it for some time. If you have cracked heels, melt paraffin wax; mix it with little mustard oil and apply on the affected area, Leave it overnight. After 10 or 15 days, your heels will become smooth.
Massage your body with a mixture of coconut oil and any of your favourite scented oils like lavender or rosemary. For rough palms, use a mixture of glycerin and limejuice in equal proportion. For cracked heals, massage the foot with coconut oil and keep the foot in warm water for some time. Wipe the water off the feet and apply a mixture of hibiscus flower(10), Henna (1 handful) and juice of half a lemon. when dry wash it off. Remove scars on your hands and feet by rubbing them with lemon peel. Carrot shavings or juice with a little lemon juice can be applied directly to the face like a facial mask. Best for oily skin.
Dip wads of cotton in a chilled mixture of cucumber and potato juice. Keep this on your eyelids for 15 to 20 minutes and gently wash it off. Apply a little baby oil. For long eyelashes, apply a thin coat of castor oil every night. It strengthens lashes and cools your eyes. Massage a few drops of coconut oil around the eyes to get rid off dark circles. To reduce puffiness of your eyes, grate a potato; tie in a cloth and place the cloth over your eyes for about 15 minutes.
Add a small pinch of salt in water and wash for bright and sparkling eyes. Mix tomato juice and lemon juice in equal quantity and apply around the eyes. After 30 minutes wash it off with cold and hot water alternatively. Make a paste of sandal wood and nutmeg. Apply the paste around the eyes before sleeping and wash it off in the morning. Crush a cucumber and take the juice. Add a little rose water and apply around the eyes and wash it after 30 minutes. Place cotton wool swabs dipped in cold milk on closed eyes for removing dark circles.

Essential of Carrot

Carrot Seed oil comes from wild Queen Anne's Lace (also known as Wild Carrot). The seeds are steam distilled to produce a pale yellow oil. Some of its places of origin are England, France and Europe. Carrot has been known as a medicinal and culinary plant from before the 1st century A.D.
As a natural diuretic, Carrot Seed helps to drain toxins from the system. Infused carrot oil is used in skincare, especially for dry or mature skin and for burns. When blended into a cream or base carrier oil, it helps to restore the skin's elasticity and tone and helps eliminate the tiny lines and wrinkles associated with weather worn skin. Also helpful for dermatitis and general skin rashes.
It is excellent for eczema, psoriasis, rashes and wrinkles. Carrot Seed also has a powerful detoxifying action on the liver and gall bladder by helping these organs to flush the body of toxins and excess fluids. This makes it helpful when dealing with gout, arthritis, edema and rheumatism (for releasing the toxins in the system that contribute to these conditions). Assists the disgestive system with problems such as anemia, colic, indigestion and liver congestion.
Its active constituents include, carotol, daucol, limonene and pinene. Blends well with Bergamot, Juniper berry, Lavender, Lemon, Lime, Neroli, Orange, Petitgrain and Rosemary. Grated carrots make an excellent poultice for ulcers, abscesses, carbuncles, scrofulous and cancerous sores, and bad wounds. The seeds of carrots, ground to powder and taken as a tea, relieve colic and increase the flow of urine. The powder may also be placed in capsules and 1 or 2 taken daily with a glass of water. Carrot blossoms, used as a tea, are a most effective remedy for dropsy and will very often cure when all other means have failed.

Mechanical Clocks

At best, historians know that 5000 6000 years ago, great civilisations in the Middle East and North Africa started to examine forms of clockmaking instead of working with only the monthly and annual calendar. Little is known on exactly how these forms worked or indeed the actual deconstruction of the time, but it has been suggested that the intention was to maximise time available to achieve more as the size of the population grew. Perhaps such future periods of time were intented to benefit the community by allotting specific lengths of time to tasks.
In 1656, 'Christian Huygens' (Dutch scientist), made the first 'Pendulum clock', with a mechanism using a 'natural' period of oscillation. 'Galileo Galilei' is credited, in most historical books, for inventing the pendulum as early as 1582, but his design was not built before his death. Huygens' clock ,when built, had an error of 'less than only one minute a day'. This was a massive leap in the development of maintaining accuracy, as this had previously never been achieved. Later refinements to the pendulum clock reduced this margin of error to 'less than 10 seconds a day'.
Huygens, in 1657, developed what is known today as the 'balance wheel and spring assembly', which is still found in some of today's wrist watches. This allowed watches of the seventeenthcentury to keep accuracy of time to approximately ten minutes a day. Meanwhile, in London, England (UK) in 1671, 'William Clement' began building clocks with an 'anchor' or 'recoil' escapement, which interfered even less with the perpetual motion of the pendulum system of clock.
'George Graham', in 1721, invented a design with the degree of accuracy to 'one second a day' by compensating for changes in the pendulum's length caused by temperature variations. The mechanical clock continued to develop until they achieved an accuracy of 'a hundredthofasecond a day', when the pendulum clock became the accepted standard in most astronomical observatories.

The History of fishing

FISHING, also called ANGLING, is the sport of catching fish, freshwater or saltwater, typically with rod, line, and hook. Like hunting, fishing originated as a means of providing food for survival. Fishing as a sport, however, is of considerable antiquity. An Egyptian angling scene of about 2000 BC shows figures fishing with rod and line and with nets. A Chinese account of about the 4th century BC refers to fishing with a silk line, a hook made from a needle, and a bamboo rod, with cooked rice as bait. References to fishing are also found in ancient Greek, Assyrian, Roman, and Jewish writings.
Today, fishing, often called sport fishing to distinguish it from commercial fishing, is, despite the growth of towns and the increase of pollution in many sources, one of man's principal relaxations and is, in many countries, the most popular participant sport. The problems of the modern angler are still those of his ancestor: where to find fish, how to approach them, and what sort of bait to use. The angler must understand wind and weather. Fishing remains what it has always been, a problem in applied natural history.
The history of angling is in large part the history of tackle, as the equipment for fishing is called. One of man's earliest tools was the predecessor of the fishhook, a gorge: a piece of wood, bone, or stone an inch or so in length, pointed at both ends and secured offcenter to the line. The gorge was covered with some kind of bait. When a fish swallowed the gorge, a pull on the line wedged it across the gullet of the fish, which could then be pulled in. With the coming of the use of metals, a hook was one of the first tools made. This was attached to a handline of animal or vegetable material, a method that is efficient only when used from a boat. The practice of attaching the line in turn to a rod, at first probably a stick or tree branch, made it possible to fish from the bank or shore and even to reach over vegetation bordering the water.
For thousands of years, the fishing rod remained short, not more than a few feet in length. The earliest reference to a longer, jointed rod is from Roman times, about the 4th century AD. At that time also, Aelian wrote of Macedonians catching trout on artificial flies and described how each fly was dressed (made). The rod they used was only 6 feet (1.8 metres) long and the line the same length, so that the method used was probably dapping, gently laying the bait on the surface of the water.

The hurricane lamp

The hurricane lamp was originally an oil burning lamp with a glass chimney designed to protect the flame from drafts or winds. Today, all that has changed. These oil burning hurricane lamps are still very popular today not only for their aesthetic value but because of their basic practical use especially during periods of power outages or anywhere that has no electricity, such as cabins, camping, etc.
Today the hurricane lamp can be any lamp or even a candle including an electric lamp where the flame or light bulb is protected or enclosed by a glass chimney. The electric version of the hurricane lamp does not need the glass chimney for functionality but lamp manufacturers often include this feature as it is more authentic.
Glass chimneys today come in a wide assortment of sizes, shapes, frostings or clear, etchings and decorations as well as colors. In addition to the glass chimney, many hurricane lamps have an additional decorative glass top which surrounds the glass chimney. These glass tops come in many sizes, shapes and colors. One very striking and popular type of hurricane lamp has matching bottom and top glass pieces which are intricately hand decorated with a clear glass chimney projecting through the top several inches.
The popular "Gone with The Wind Lamp", named after the Academy Award winning movie is a type of hurricane lamp and it utilizes the glass chimney enclosure as well as the additional decorative glass top which is often hand painted. Authentic antique hurricane lamps are highly sought after and very collectible. They commonly bring prices that range into the many hundreds of dollars and up.

History of Cricket in India

The game of cricket was introduced in India in the middle of the 18th century. On 3rd March 1845 the ‘Sporting Intelligence’ magazine carried a reasonably lengthy match report between ‘Sepoy’ cricketers and the European ones. The article clearly proved that Indian cricket was underway in a city called Sylhet, in modern day Bangladesh.
An impressed reporter proudly stated “the most enthusiastic European Cricketers could not have played with more energy and cheerfulness than the Sepoys did”. However, chroniclers of cricket unanimously suggest that the formation of ‘Parsi Oriental Cricket Club’ in Bombay in the year 1848 led to the start of organized cricket by the Indians.
The first Indians to take to the game were the Parsis of Bombay, an educated, welltodo and progressive community. In 1848, the Parsi boys established the ‘Oriental Cricket Club’. The emerging Parsi middle class supported cricket as a means of strengthening ties with the overlords, while intellectuals welcomed it as a renewal of physical energy for the race. Around thirty Parsi clubs were formed in the within two decades of the formation of the first club. They were named for British viceroys and statesmen and for Roman gods.
The Hindu’s took up the game of cricket with the primary reason that they did not want to fall behind the Parsis in any manner. The first Hindu club ‘Bombay Union’ was formed in 1866. Hindus started playing cricket due to social and business rivalry with the Parsis. Hindu cricketers sorted themselves on the lines of caste and region of origin. One of the primary Hindu cricketer was Ramchandra Vishnu Navlekar. Some of the main clubs were Gowd Saraswat Cricket Club, Kshatriya Cricket Club, Gujrati Union Cricket Club, Maratha Cricket Club, Teluu Youn Cricketrs etc.

History of Kerala

Kerala is one of the smallest states in the Indian union. Its area 38.855 square kilometers is just 1.3 percent of the total area of India. The land of India comprises the narrow coastal strip bounded by the Western Ghats n the east and the Arabian Sea on the west. In the words of Sreedhara Menon “Its unique geographical position and peculiar physical features have invested Kerala with a distinct individuality.” Hence it has played a vital role in the commercial and cultural history of India. Kerala has been describes “as the favorite child of nature.” Like Kashmir in the north, Kerala in the south is famous for its breathtaking natural beauty.
With its evergreen mountains, dense forests stately palms, swift flowing rivers, extensive backwaters and blue lagoons, it looks like a fairyland. This atmosphere of beauty and peace has nurtured religion and art in Kerala and enabled her to become a precious gem in the necklace of Indian culture. Indian poets of eminence have showered their praises for the abundance of its peppers, the fragrance of its sandal and the wealth of its coconuts. No part of India is so widely known or has played so important a part in world history as Kerala.
Natural Divisions: Physical features demarcate the state into three natural divisions. They are the lowland adjoining the sea, the midland consisting of the undulating country east of the lowlands and the forest clad highland on the extreme east. The lowland bordering the sea is dotted with innumerable coconut palms and the expansive stretches of paddy crops. The midland regions comprise valleys, punctuated here and there by isolated hills.
This rich and fertile region bears the largest extent of agricultural crops. The Western Ghats which range along the eastern border constitute the highland. They form a natural wall of protection to the state. Extensive tea and cardamom plantation dominate the higher elevations; while ginger, rubber, pepper, and turmeric flourish at the lower elevations. The hilly portion is broken up by long spurs, deep savines, dense forests and tangles jungles.

Sarees in.India

India has been known to have wonderful dresses and costumes. The most common and accepted attire is the saree. For a single length of material, the Indian saree must be the most versatile garment in existence. A saree is a rectangular piece of cloth that is five to six yards in length and sometimes nine yards. Yet, this dress is worn by millions of Indian women and is, by far, the most elegant. It is not merely an outfit but an ornament, lending both grace and glamour to the wearer. saree is for all purpose party wear, daily wear, bridal wear and so on.
The age old saree has kept its popularity throughout the centuries because of its total simplicity and practical comfort combined with the sense of luxury and sense of sexuality a woman experiences. saree is an Indian women’s statement to the world. The saree can be a shimmering silk, or fine cotton or an elegant chiffon material. It can have the most intricate embroidery with silk threads or even silver and gold threads. The colors can be vibrantly bright or subdued pastels. There are sarees to match every mood and every occasion to suit every udget.
The saree has an ageless charm since it is not cut or tailored for a particular size. This garment can fit any size and if worn properly can accentuate or conceal. This supremely graceful attire can also be worn in several ways and its manner of wearing as well as its color and texture are indicative of the status, age, occupation, region and religion of a woman. The Indian saree has retained its beauty over centuries. This attire has retained its innocence through its original form but it has evolved in tremendous variety. A more feminine dress has never been seen anywhere. This attire can cover the body from head to toe, making a woman look modest and coy. But just shift the pallu, wear it with a stylish blouse and it could give any Western dress a complex.
saree is one piece of clothing which fits all….. fat or thin short or tall!!! The traditional 6 yard saree allows for generous pleating, and draping around the body and over the shoulders almost Grecian in style. The loose end of the fabric, which is thrown over the left shoulder, is known as ‘Pallu’. Pallu usually has extensive design or embroidery woven into it. saree is very flattering to all shapes and sizes and forgiving of the various flaws. It can ingeniously conceal the extra flab of fat, or it can accentuate the wellproportioned curve It is just a matter of how you drape the saree. This garment is in style for over 5000 years for the simple reason of its simplicity and practical usage.
This demure garment is a very versatile garment too. The pallu has a very multipurpose use to it. In case of slight chill in the air, put it around the shoulder like a shawl, if it gets very cold wrap it around the head like a scarf. The saree is so practical to wear that you can even run a marathon in it with out any problem.

Pen history and use

The traditional quill fountain pen was replaced by the now well know fountain pen in 1884 when Waterman devised a way to avoid the constant need to dip the quill pen into an ink bottle. The fountain pen remained supreme until the ballpoint pen took off in popularity around 1947.
The inventor of the ballpoint pen was Mr. John J. Load, a citizen of the United States, residing at Weymonth, in the county of Norfolk and Common Wealth of Massachusetts, patented the first ballpoint pen. The first patented ballpoint pen was registered in the US as No. 392, 046 on October 30th, 1888 by Mr. John J. Load.
A pen loves to be used! Ink in a fountain pen will flow most smoothly when the pen is used on a regular basis. When writing, use a constant pressure on the nib avoiding pressing down hard or excessively as that may damage the nib. Often, a problem with writing may just be due to the fact that the pen needs to be cleaned and refilled.
Now we having different types of pens to write. A pen or pencil can be an excellent gift for that special person in your life, or a nice thankyou for that dedicated employee, new boss or important customer.

The fresh cute flowers

Scientists say there are over 270,000 species of flowers that have been documented and are living in the 21st Century. The first plant fossils found were woody magnolialike plants dating back 93 million years. Paleobotanists have more recently uncovered tiny herblike flower fossils dating back 120 million years. Flowering plants, called angiosperms by scientists, were believed to be already diverse and found in most locations by the middle of the Cretaceous period
A myriad of images of preserved flowers and flower parts [in very fine detail] have been found in fossils located in Sweden, Portugal, England, and along the Eastern and Gulf coasts of the United States. Below are a few brief histories of some of today’s best loved flowers.
The charming and delicate beauty of flowers has fascinated people of all nations and backgrounds for centuries. Flowers have been bred and cultivated for their decorative beauty as well as their ability to heal diseases. Flowers are the subject of poems and myths, and religious symbols are associated with flowers as well.
Many girls are named after flowers. The main reason for the popularity of flowers though is their ability to bring good cheer. During the Victorian era several different flower dictionaries were published that helped to spread the knowledge of the 'secret' flower language. It was common to fabricate poetical explanations to the shapes and colors of flowers.

Folk Music

Folk music as the "Traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of the people in a community." It is an excellent "quick and dirty" definition. Folk music is music that has become part of a people's heritage through oral tradition. A true folk song has no known author. Because of its oral tradition folk music is fluid. Variations in both tune and melody developed as music was passed orally through counties and countries.
Folk songs are important both musically and historically as they define some part of a people's experience and become a part of a people's culture. It therefore encompasses not only countries (England, Ireland, etc.) but cultures (AfricanAmerican, NativeAmerican, etc.) Traditional music is becoming the preferred term for music which originated in the 15th to 19th centuries.
Within the folk music genre there is distinction between ballads and folk songs. Ballads were longer and related a story, usually one based in the past and carried down by oral tradition. Ballads could be either dramatic or humorous, dealing with the topics of the time. New names and topics often became associated with older ballads. As the saying goes, "ballads are never wrong, sometimes the facts get messed up." Folk songs, on the other hand, were shorter, lyrical and personal.
Folk music is also a current genre of music that includes not only traditional tunes but newly composed tunes. The definition is not a set one and classification of specific musicians and songs is subject to controversy. Musical genre is much more fluid now than it has been in the past, so the lines between folk, country, celtic and others are often blurred and crossed. The definition of a "modern" folk song is a "song with a soft melodic sound and guitar accompaniment."(

Mobile use ups kids brain cancer risk

Kids and teenagers are at an increased risk of developing brain cancer if they use mobile phones, according to an alarming new research. The researchers found that kids are five times more likely to get brain cancer due to mobile use. According to health experts, the research raises fears that today's young people may suffer an "epidemic" of the disease in later life.
The researcher said that "people who started mobile phone use before the age of 20" had more than fivefold increase in glioma", a cancer of the glial cells that support the central nervous system. The extra risk to young people of contracting the disease from using the cordless phone found in many homes was almost as great, at more than four times higher, reports the Independent.
Those who started using mobiles young, he added, were also five times more likely to get acoustic neuromas, benign but often disabling tumours of the auditory nerve, which usually cause deafness. By contrast, people who were in their twenties before using handsets were only 50 per cent more likely to contract gliomas and just twice as likely to get acoustic neuromas.
The research has shown that adults who have used the handsets for more than 10 years are much more likely to get gliomas and acoustic neuromas, but he said that there was not enough data to show how such relatively longterm use would increase the risk for those who had started young.

Lan Administrator

The LAN Administrator job is defined by the keywords employers apply in their want ads to characterize the responsibilities and qualifications of the available position. A pair of keywords from the classified want ads define the LAN Administrator job.
In general the pair of keywords includes, 1. computer processing responsibility descriptors; and, 2. computer processing software skill terms. The keywords refer to LAN Administrator duties and the specific skills required to perform them.
They have particular definitions that involve little or nqualitative interpretation. The keywords used in New York Times classified want ads to define the LAN Administrator job. computer processing duty, responsibility or function, administrator, Architect, Systems Engineer.
Computer processing software skill, CNE, LAN, WAN, Novell Netware 4.1, CSU/DSU, Solaris, Muxecs. A Keyword from both the Function and the Skill categories was required for a want ad to be included in this job market.

Programmer

As an IT Programmer Analyst with Diebold you will be responsible for designing, testing, and implementing stateoftheart. You will also be expected to conduct risk assessments and provide recommendations for application design.
Your essential functions will include, Playing a strategic role in the technical requirements gathering of future tools and applications that drive operational efficiency, revenue generation and customer satisfaction.
Developing state of the art solutions to meet business needs and improve operational efficiency. Assisting with security risk assessments and vulnerability assessments. Develop and maintain plans outlining steps and timetables for developing programs. Research and evaluate software and hardware to assist in programming or to use program platforms.
Assisting in the design, implementation, and maintenance of controls and procedures to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of data across technical platforms. Partnering and consulting with Business leads, Customers, IT Management, Project Managers, Q/A Associates, and Operational staff.

Database Administrator (DBA)

Developing, implementing, and overseeing database policies and procedures to ensure the integrity and availability of databases and their accompanying software.
Involved in the design, implementation, scaling, and support of an SQL Server based distributed applications. Working with developers to design and optimize data driven applications and schema
Database software and server installation, configuration and management Installing changes to database software, service packs and hot fixes Backups, restores, consolidation and reorganization
Optimizes and tunes database systems to maximize their performance and operation Defines and improves the overall release process for database systems Management of replicated and clustered database servers. Production support of all DBArelated issue

Data Processor

The Data Processor is responsible for processing of field data and the production of charts and maps. He/she ensures his/her data processing part and drafting activities required by different projects are carried out in accordance with the instructions
The systematic performance of operations upon data such as handling, merging, sorting, and computing. The semantic content of the original data should not be changed. The semantic content of the processed data may be changed. Synonym information processing .
Processing of information, the handling of information by computers in accordance with strictly defined systems of procedure. A device, such as a calculator or computer, that performs operations on data. A person who processes data.
Leverage expertise in data modeling to provide innovative solutions to challenging business problems. Lead highlevel database design for major new applications and application releases. Develop and maintain platform data models, data dictionaries, data maps and other artifacts across the organization.

Windows Systems Administrator

As a Systems Administrator, would be responsible for planning, installation and documentation for specific infrastructure hardware and software, identifying areas for improvement, problem identification and resolution and education of other support and operations personnel.
The Windows System Administrator will be primarily responsible for the installation, configuration, administration, and system security of Windows systems in a multiplatform environment which includes Microsoft, UNIX, and Macintosh systems.
The successful applicant will work in a production team setting to establish installation criteria, documentation, and maintenance of software supported Windows systems, and will disseminate this to other system administrators through available communication channels. They Works collaboratively with the System Administration team to install, configure and maintain.
They Works collaboratively with user groups to understand and maintain all serverbased applications on assigned servers. They assists in the backup of data on all assigned systems. The effective provision of high quality systems and database administration as per program contractual requirements.

Systems Integration Analyst

Plans, implements, tests, documents, and maintains enterprisewide solutions to total system or subsystems using internally created and/or off the shelf products.
Analyzes and identifies all or part of a company's existing or new peripheral, network, and telecommunications systems requirements, taking into consideration the special technology needs.
Establishes functional and technical specifications and standards, solves hardware/software interface problems, defines input/output parameters, and ensures integration of the entire system or subsystem. computer (and/or server), peripheral, network, and telecommunications systems requirements, taking into consideration the special technology needs.
Designs, implements, codes, tests, documents, and maintains systems integration solutions to total system or subsystems. Establishes functional and technical specifications, solves hardware/software interface problems, defines input/output parameters, and ensures integration of the entire system or subsystem

Game Analyst

In this position, you will evaluate game submissions from Game licensees. Each submission will be reviewed for accurate brand representation and appropriate game design, game rules, overall quality and design.
In this position, you will report directly to the Director of Digital Media and Gaming. Your key responsibilities will include providing clear documentation of evaluation results, create and run test cases, assist in forming and improving evaluation systems and procedures. Compose and manage software document. Research new techniques from graphics, animation, and AI fields. Work with other team members to quality test games.
Assurance experience, proficient with current videgame consoles, proficient in Windows and Macintosh operating systems, outstanding MS Office Skills and a solid understanding of the game development cycle.
Design, develop, and deliver serious games. Analyze code performance and optimize code for speed and memory usage. Participate in developing tools for evaluating the serious games effectiveness. Good knowledge of game design

Computer Hardware Engineers

Research, design, develop, test, and oversee the manufacture and installation of computer hardware. Hardware includes computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems, and related equipment such as keyboards, modems, and printers.
(Couputer software —often simply called computer engineers—design and develop the software systems that control computers. These workers are covered elsewhere in the Handbook.) File and store completed documents on computer hard drive or disk, and/or maintain a computer filing system to store, retrieve, update and delete documents.
The work of computer hardware engineers is very similar to that of electronics engineers in that they may design and test circuits and other electronic components, but computer hardware engineers do that work only as it relates to computers and computerrelated equipment.
The rapid advances in computer technology are largely a result of the research, development, and design efforts of these engineers. May supervise the manufacturing and installation of computer or computerrelated equipment and components. Install and configure complex hardware and/or software in a network environment.

Computer Operators

Computer operators oversee the operation of computer hardware systems, ensuring that these machines are used as efficiently and securely as possible. They may work with mainframes, minicomputers, or networks of personal computers. Computer operators must anticipate problems and take preventive action, as well as solve problems that occur during operations.
The duties of computer operators vary with the size of the installation, some datas. Generally, operators control the console of either a mainframe digital computer or a group of minicomputers. Controlling computer functions by using programs, setting up functions, writing software, or otherwise communicating with computer systems.
Working from operating instructions prepared by programmers, users, or operations managers, computer operators set controls on the computer and on peripheral devices required to run a particular job. Provide back up support to other positions in the department as necessary to ensure that all functions are covered at all times
Monitor and control electronic computer and peripheral electronic data processing equipment to process business, scientific, engineering, and other data according to operating instructions. May enter commands at a computer terminal and set controls on computer and peripheral devices. Monitor and respond to operating and error messages. Exclude "Data Entry Keyers".

Technical Support Engineer

Take ownership of customer support and set up key processes, procedures, and resources to scale quality customer support with a commitment to outstanding customer service. Become a technical expert on product offerings to successfully respond tall customer support and user issues. Be hands on in researching, responding, tracking, and closing the loop on all technical and customer related issues while providing the highest level of service and professionalism.
Listen, prioritize, and document customer requests and issues ensuring resolution and follow up on customer needs/requests. Work closely with product and engineering members to resolve customer requests. Manage customer expectations while ensuring they feel a sense of urgency and clear understanding of issues.
Responsible for working with internal organizations to create internal and external online documentation. Work requires use of the appropriate editorial/logical methodologies and process management. Oversees departmental content workflow to ensure that content is developed timely and in such a way that customers with limited technical product knowledge can understand and use the documentation.
Writes and proofs hardcopy and online documents for consistency, Ensures all documents are technically and mechanically accurate, Develops, documents, and maintain processes, Define processes for content modification, content service levels, tool and application access and account administration, and workflow administration

IT Manager Administrator

The duties of IT Administrator are, To ensure maximum availability of computer systems. Responsible for the provision of IT infrastructure services including desktop applications, Local and / or Wide area networks, IT security and telecommunications.
Development and implementation of new systems. Responsible for IT hardware, software and maintenance procurement. To develop and maintain a disaster recovery plan. To develop and control the IT security policy. Design and implement systems and networks for production environments. Build, deploy, maintain & support.
Microsoft based servers and workstations in local and remote offices. Administration of LAN switching with Extreme Networks. Troubleshoot and optimize network performance issues. Develop detailed technical documentation on existing and new processes.
Experience with MSDOS, Windows 2000, 2003, 2008, XP, Vista, & Microsoft office 2000,XP,2003, 2007. Working knowledge and understanding of IP Subnetting, TCP/IP, DNS, WINS, ICMP & OSI Model

Java//J2EE Developer

Very strong experience in Java/J2EE Technology. Strong experience in Struts Framework. Strong experience in using Weblogic 8.x Proven ability in designing and building very large database systems, highly redundant systems, and distributed network solutions. Strong programming skills in Java, Web based service architecture, Web components, and J2EE technologies.
Experience in using Weblogic IDE Workshop. Strong experience in using MSSQL Server Database. Strong Experience in Writing Stored Procedures and database queries Strong web developmental experience in development of web based applications. System analysis, development, implementation and post production support working experience on Java
Experience in relational databases, preferably Sybase and UDB. Experience in Linux/Unix environments. Experience with JDBC, SQL performance tuning and stored procedures on Sybase and/or IBM DB2 is strongly preferred
A technical lead in designing and architecting scalable & high performance software products using modeling techniques and software design patterns. Proficient in software life cycle methodologies, MS Windows and Linux

Web Master

If you've ever surfed the Internet, you already know something about what webmasters do. Webmasters make websites. They turn words and art into Internet sites that people can use. They give computers instructions about how words and art should look on the computer screen.
They make sure that people with different computers can use a website. They might build a site in a few different ways so that it is easy for different computers to understand. Webmasters also try to make sites work faster.
They keep the size of files as small as they can so that it doesn't take a lot of time for a computer to load the site. Webmasters test websites, too. They watch people using a site to see if there are any parts that are hard to use.
If there are hard parts, webmasters fix them. Some of these workers also meet with designers, helping to decide how a site should look and work. They also update websites. They spend a lot of time adding new things to the site. They fix mistakes, like links that don't work and pictures that don't show up on the screen.

Web Developer

Working with a team of topnotch developers, the Software Developer will be involved in all aspects of the software development lifecycle. This includes system architecture, design and coding as well as business analysis and requirements analysis.
This Seniorlevel Web Developer position will need to be able to direct development efforts and perform the following activities, Consults with clients and other project team members to design, build and manage web sites.
Develops installation programs for websites. Work with the project manager to negotiate contracts/agreements with software vendors and other internet companies. May lead and direct the work of others, especially junior developers. Performs a variety of complicated tasks. The ability and interest to pick up new technologies as needed, ability to troubleshoot, optimize, and customize existing products needed.
As User Interface Web Application Developer you will work on developing the browserbased user interface applications for our high definition video communication systems. Responsible for designing and implementing new user interfaces. Contribute to product sustaining activities.

Graphic Designer

Software & Web Applications, Print Media. This individual will direct and design overall "look and feel" of software applications, websites/applications and print media. As well as be involved with the development of integrated brand strategy, visual design concepts, product attributes and iconography.
They will also, evaluate and acquire imaging content. Lastly, they may oversee Production Artists, Designers, scheduling and design resources, miscellaneous support projects, vendors and contractors. Ability to discuss and present an indepth knowledge of typography is preferred.
Utilize QuarkXpress, InDesign, Photoshop layout templates to produce web and print layouts, including direct mail letters, envelopes, order forms, and other print materials. Manage overall logdatabase, archive and graphic standard folders.
You will assist design team in the layout of print, presentation, multimedia, Web and product user interface projects . The candidate should enjoy working on a variety of domestic and international projects and have a passion for innovative design and the latest technologies. In addition, candidates should also possess a thorough understanding of graphic/web design principles and tools.

Messaging Administrator

Responsibilities include enforcing messaging standards, policies and procedures; setting up and maintaining user accounts; managing access control; managing.
Dominserver clusters; ensuring high availability of messaging services tend users; managing and configuring all Dominservers (mailbox hub and gateways); planning, diagramming and implementation of mail routing; managing replication and remote connections; handson troubleshooting of Dominservers; resolving technical issues; and migration.
Other tasks include expanding the company's current Messaging architecture, implementing additional features to meet business needs, providing user support, managing
Blackberry Enterprise Server and using knowledge of Windows operating systems (2000, 2003) and Active Directory. Also involved in migration and transfer to Microsoft Exchange and will assume comparable responsibilities within Exchange environment.